枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群研究

随着海洋生态学研究的深入和海洋环境监测的需要,一些传统的研究方法如多样性指数等在评价大型底栖生物群落结构变化时显得说服力不足,而摄食功能群的研究越来越受到重视。本实验根据2012年8月对浙江枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查实验,分析该海域夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群的组成、空间及数量分布,并进行相关生态评价。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物组成以肉食者和滤食者占较大优势,食碎屑者、植食者和食底泥者次之,杂食者最少;肉食者的优势种为布尔小笔螺、寄居蟹、扁平管帽螺、甲虫螺和四齿矶蟹等,滤食者的优势种为条纹隔贻贝、带偏顶蛤、短石蛏和布氏蚶等,植食者的优势种为钩虾、单一丽口螺和锈凹螺等;各摄食类群水平分布较均匀,垂直分布受水深和摄食饵料的限制;基于大型底栖无脊椎动物功能类群的生态参数评价结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物群落健康状态呈虚弱水平,大部分站位大型底栖无脊椎动物群落受到轻度扰动,底栖生态质量状况较好。     

利用SSR标记划分玉米自交系杂种优势群的研究

利用SSR标记对64个玉米自交系进行了杂种优势群的划分。20对SSR引物在供试材料中共检测出96个等位基因的变异,每对引物检测出等位基因数2～9个,平均4.36个。多态信息量变化范围为0.22～0.86,平均多态信息量为0.61。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,供试自交系可分为8大类群,分类的结果与系谱关系基本一致。     

Modeling genetic differences of combined broiler chicken populations in single-step GBLUP

The introduction of animals from a different environment or population is a common practice in commercial livestock populations. In this study, we modeled the inclusion of a group of external birds into a local broiler chicken population for the purpose of genomic evaluations. The pedigree was composed of 242,413 birds and genotypes were available for 107,216 birds. A five-trait model that included one growth, two yield, and two efficiency traits was used for the analyses. The strategies to model the introduction of external birds were to include a fixed effect representing the origin of parents and to use unknown parent groups (UPG) or metafounders (MF). Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were obtained with single-step GBLUP using the Algorithm for Proven and Young. Bias, dispersion, and accuracy of GEBV for the validation birds, that is, from the most recent generation, were computed. The bias and dispersion were estimated with the linear regression (LR) method,whereas accuracy was estimated by the LR method and predictive ability. When fixed UPG were fit without estimated inbreeding, the model did not converge. In contrast, models with fixed UPG and estimated inbreeding or random UPG converged and resulted in similar GEBV. The inclusion of an extra fixed effect in the model made the GEBV unbiased and reduced the inflation. Genomic predictions with MF were slightly biased and inflated due to the unbalanced number of observations assigned to each metafounder. When combining local and external populations, the greatest accuracy can be obtained by adding an extra fixed effect to account for the origin of parents plus UPG with estimated inbreeding or random UPG. To estimate the accuracy, the LR method is more consistent among scenarios, whereas the predictive ability greatly depends on the model specification.     

石羊河上游退化草地植物功能群生态位分异特征——以阿尔泰狗哇花型草地为例

采用时空转换方式,以石羊河上游高山草地阿尔泰狗哇花Heteropappus altaicus型退化草地及其原生群落为研究对象,以其主要功能群结构特征调查为基础,研究各功能群生态位季节动态特征。结果表明：该区生态位季节动态变化趋势同功能群类别有关,与功能群所处的演替阶段无关;功能群生态位数量特征变化的绝对数量及相对数量受到其所处的演替阶段影响,表现为随季节的推移禾本科功能群生态位宽度上升,其上升相对值为退化样地（120.8%）高于原生群落（65.5%）;而杂类草下降,其下降相对值差异较小,依次为51.38%和66.34%。随季节的推移禾本科-杂类草生态位重叠度升高,且升高的幅度为退化样地(113.3%)略低于原生群落(119.4%),就升高的绝对值而言,原生群落各观测时期均低于退化草地;杂类草-禾本科生态位重叠度则逐渐降低,其相对数量在退化样地与原生群落中依次下降53.0%和54.9%。其中退化草地禾本科、杂类草生态位重叠度在7月中旬存在一个拐点,其前期禾本科-杂类草组对低于杂类草-禾本科组对,而后期刚好相反。造成上述现象的原因可能与功能群生长特性和放牧干扰共同作用有关。返青较早的禾本科功能群早期生长受到放牧干扰的影响,为返青较迟的杂类草生长提供较大的资源空间,从而使得杂类草功能群在“植被空隙中进行季节更新”,进而改变了原群落的功能群结构。阿尔泰狗哇花型退化草地是植物群落退化演替过程中的关键阶段,如果加以适当的管理,草原退化将得到一定程度的改善;如果不加以保护,草地继续退化后的不可预知风险将提高。     

化学处理木材的动态粘弹性研究

为了弄清楚不同化学试剂处理引起木材内部分子构造的变化及其分子的运动状态,该研究针对杉木试材,采用动态粘弹性分析仪,测定了含水率在纤维饱和点状态下脱木素处理木材、DMSO处理木材和非晶化处理木材以及素材,在-100～10℃、0.5～10 Hz的动态粘弹性.研究结果表明:①在-100～10℃范围内观察到两个松弛过程,-30℃附近的α松弛过程和-100℃附近的β松弛过程;②频率越高,损耗模量峰值对应的温度越高,贮存模量随着温度的升高而降低;③α松弛过程中非晶化处理木材的活化能最高,DMSO处理木材次之,脱木素处理木材与素材接近;④木材发生α松弛过程的主要原因是吸着水分子的回转取向运动,发生β松弛过程的主要原因是无定形区细胞壁物质中的伯醇羟基基团的运动.      

辽河三角洲水稻纹枯病菌丝融合群测定

辽河三角洲是辽宁省水稻主产区,水稻纹枯病近年来持续严重发生,本研究对辽河三角洲稻区的不同水稻品种上分离获得的纹枯病菌菌株进行融合测试,以便探明水稻品种来源各异的病菌菌群类别及其分布的关系,研究探讨辽河三角洲水稻纹枯病菌菌丝融合群构成,为生产上病害流行、预测以及针对性进行水稻品种选育和推广应用,提供理论基础。     

Social Learning as a Basis for Cooperative Small-Scale Forest Management

This paper analyses the governance characteristics of an innovative policy instrument for sustainable forest management in Flanders, namely a mechanism based on social learning and collaborative planning within joint forest management organizations. These organizations have been successful in involving non-industrial private forest owners in managing the transition towards sustainable management in small-scale forestry. Why was this innovative scheme successful? And what are its shortcomings and possible limitations? The hypothesis developed in this paper is that the success of the forest groups has been made possible by the explicit organization of a process of social learning, leading to change in the beliefs and the social norms of forest owners and users. Based on the analysis of this case of cooperative forestry, and on theoretical insights from governance theory, the contribution to fostering social learning from three distinct mechanisms is established, these being (1) the recourse to sustainability criteria and indicators as an open-ended learning device, (2) the experimentation with disruptive action strategies to put new beliefs into practice, and (3) the building of new forms of social cooperation around these new beliefs and practices.     

亚油酸的拉曼光谱分析

[目的]分析亚油酸的拉曼光谱效应。[方法]分别采用可见（514nm）和紫外（325nm ）激光对亚油酸进行拉曼光谱测定,并对谱线进行初步的指认和分析,得到亚油酸拉曼光谱主要谱峰位置和强度。[结果]结果表明,2种波长激光得到的亚油酸拉曼光谱基本相同,相对而言,514nm激光激发得到的拉曼光谱较好。采用325nm波长紫外激光对样品辐照表明,短时间的325nm紫外光辐照对亚油酸样品没有影响。[结论]该研究结果为采用拉曼光谱分析亚油酸氧化的机理提供试验依据。     

为视障人群服务的实践、感悟及思考——山西省图书馆盲人阅读区的服务

视障人是社会的弱势群体,关注、理解、帮助他们,满足他们的阅读需求,提高他们的文化素质,是公共图书馆的职责和义务。山西省图书馆在这方面做了有益的探索和尝试。     

黑龙江省牡丹江地区主要玉米种质资源和杂优模式

牡丹江地区是黑龙江省的重要玉米产区,由于其地理位置及地形地貌的特殊性,黑龙江省主要的种质和杂优模式在此地区都有应用。通过对黑龙江省推广面积较大的代表品种的分析,总结了黑龙江省牡丹江地区的种质基础和杂优模式。